Gender differences in Achilles tendon morphology assessed by ultrasonography and its impact on power generation

Background
The Achilles tendon plays a pivotal role in human locomotion. Despite its essential function, the relationship between the structural parameters of the Achilles tendon and lower-limb performance remains incompletely understood. In particular, the correlations between tendon morphology (thickness and width), power generation, and strength in the lower limbs have not yet been fully clarified.

Aims
To demonstrate the relationship between the structural parameters of the Achilles tendon, lower-limb power generation, and selected somatic variables.

Material and methods
The study was conducted on a group of 47 individuals (24 women and 23 men). Anthropometric measurements were taken, body composition was assessed, and physical activity levels were determined. The thickness and width of the Achilles tendon were measured using ultrasound. Muscle power was evaluated indirectly through long jump and squat jump tests using an accelerometer.

Results
The study revealed a statistically significant relationship between somatic parameters and the morphological parameters of the Achilles tendon. These parameters were not found to influence power generation; however, a relationship between Achilles tendon thickness and strength generation was observed. Individuals with thicker tendons achieved better results in tests assessing power generation. Both the thickness and width of the Achilles tendon, measured longitudinally and transversely, were dependent on gender and were greater in men.

Conclusions
The structural parameters of the Achilles tendon are significantly influenced by somatic characteristics, with thicker and wider tendons observed in men. No direct relationship was found between tendon structure and power generation. These findings highlight the importance of somatic variables in tendon morphology and their potential implications for rehabilitation and sports training