Gender differences in Achilles tendon morphology
assessed by ultrasonography and its impact on
power generation

Kacper Konopacki; Mateusz Kiepiel; Katarzyna Szuścik-Niewiadom; Weronika Szkudlarek; Paweł Niewiadomy

doi:10.5114/phr.2026.160361

eISSN: 2719-9665
ISSN: 2719-5139

Physiotherapy Review

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Artykuł przeglądowy

Gender differences in Achilles tendon morphology assessed by ultrasonography and its impact on power generation

Kacper Konopacki

¹

,

Mateusz Kiepiel

¹

,

Katarzyna Szuścik-Niewiadom

²

,

Weronika Szkudlarek

³

,

Paweł Niewiadomy

⁴

Graduate of the Master's Degree in Physiotherapy, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
Department of Adapted Physical Activity and Sport, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
Department of Balneoclimatology and Biological Regeneration, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland

Research, Physiotherapy Review, 2026, 30(1), 53-61

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/phr.2026.160361

Data publikacji online: 2026/03/26

Plik artykułu:

- art6_1_2026.pdf [0.22 MB]

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Metryki PlumX:

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3. Zhang X, Deng L, Xiao S, Li L, Fu W. Sex differences in the morphological and mechanical properties of the Achilles tendon. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021; 18 (17): 8974.

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9. Gajda R. Poziom aktywności fizycznej a wybrane zwyczaje żywieniowe kobiet. Sport i Turystyka Środkowoeuropejskie Czasopismo Naukowe. 2020; 3 (1): 147–164.

10. Barfod KW, Riecke AF, Anders B, Hansen P, Maier JF, Døssing S, et al. Validity and reliability of an ultrasoundmeasurement of the free length of the Achilles tendon. Dan Med J. 2018; 65: A5453.

11. Hunter S, Werth J, James D, Lambrianides Y, Smith K, Karamanidis K, et al. Reliability and accuracy of a time-efficient method for the assessment of Achilles tendon mechanical properties by ultrasonography. Sensors. 2022; 22 (7): 2549.

12. Siddiqui R, Mriza EH, Javed R, Al-Qahtani M. Investigation of the tissue degenerative impact of increased BMI in Achilles tendon via strain elastography and finite element analysis. Curr Med Imaging. 2023; 19 (6): 587–595.

13. Gianakos AL, Hartman H, Kerkhoffs GMMJ, Calder J, Kennedy JG. Sex differences in biomechanical properties of the Achilles tendon may predispose men to higher risk of injury: a systematic review. J ISAKOS. 2024; 9 (2): 184–191.

14. Fukashiro S, Hay DC, Nagano A. Biomechanical behavior of muscle-tendon complex during dynamic human movements. J Appl Biomech. 2006; 22 (2): 131–147.

15. Rubio-Peirotén A, García-Pinillos F, Jaén-Carrillo D, Cartón-Llorente A, Roche Seruendo LE. Is there a relationship between the morphology of connective tissue and reactivity during a drop jump? Influence of sex and athletic performance level. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021; 18 (4): 1969.

16. Earp JE, Kraemer WJ, Cormie P, Volek JS, Maresh CM, Joseph M, et al. Influence of muscle-tendon unit structure on rate of force development during the squat, countermovement, and drop jumps. J Strength Cond Res. 2011; 25 (2): 340–347.

17. Fouré A, Cornu C, McNair PJ, Nordez A. Gender differences in both active and passive parts of the plantar flexors series elastic component stiffness and geometrical parameters of the muscle-tendon complex. J Orthop Res. 2012; 30 (5): 707–712.

18. Kurokawa S, Fukunaga T, Nagano A, Fukashiro S. Interaction between fascicles and tendinous structures during countermovement jumping investigated in vivo. J Appl Physiol. 2003; 95 (6): 2306–2314.

19. Niewiadomy P, Szuścik-Niewiadomy K, Kochan M, Kuszewski T. The relationship between active and passive flexibility of the knee flexors. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2021; 11 (2): 360–366

PUBLISHER

Gender differences in Achilles tendon morphology assessed by ultrasonography and its impact on power generation

Kacper Konopacki 1 , Mateusz Kiepiel 1 , Katarzyna Szuścik-Niewiadom 2 , Weronika Szkudlarek 3 , Paweł Niewiadomy 4

Kacper Konopacki

¹

,

Mateusz Kiepiel

¹

,

Katarzyna Szuścik-Niewiadom

²

,

Weronika Szkudlarek

³

,

Paweł Niewiadomy

⁴